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CIGem News Winter 2011 – ISSN 0846-3611 GEMMOLOGY CANADA

From the Editor

Like every year in February, the annual Tucson gem shows will attract visitors from around the world. Please drop by at the C.I.G. booth #31 (Galleria Level) of the AGTA GemFair from February 1 -6, 2011; more info here; (Tucson Gem Shows on Facebook). Have a first-hand look at the GL Gem Spectrometer and its use;  we will  have Dr. Bill Hanneman’s new booklet titled “Pragmatic Spectroscopy for Gemologists” on sale (60 pages, price $ 20.00). All present and future GLGemSpec users will receive a free copy.

I will be giving a presentation about the “GL Gem Spectrometer and Advanced Gem Testing” at the Arizona Hotel during the “ISG Lab Updates and Reports” session scheduled for Friday, February 4 from 8:00 – 9:30 am.

I am looking forward to meeting you personally soon.

Wolf Kuehn, F.G.A., F.G.G.

Highly Recommended Books

We have received several new books which might be of interest to our CIGem News readers:

Synth. Emerald Coloured by Copper

A GLGemSpec user sent us two spectral files of synthetic emerald with an interesting observation. Both emeralds appeared to be the hydrothermal type but one showed Cu content (750 – 760 nm) and the other one did not.

After reading the article (PDF) “A new type of Tairus hydrothermally-grown synthetic emerald, coloured by vanadium and copper” we had an answer. The other stone was purchased as a Biron synthetic emerald and fit the inclusion patterns.

ISG Lab Update and Report

Friday, 4 February 2011, Hotel Arizona, Tucson

• 7:30 am: ISG Continental Breakfast. Open to the industry. Join us for a free continential breakfast and stay for the ISG Lab Update and Report.
• 8:00 – 9:30 am: ISG Lab Updates and Reports. This important event is open to the industry but seating is limited. Among the topics to be covered:
  • Report on the GL Gem Spectrometer
  • Errors and Omissions in the Tibet Expedition Reports; also read Tibet Andesine …. the true story
  • Working the Bead Shows report on bead testing
  • Hot gemstones at the Tucson Gem Shows
• 10:00 – 11:00 am: Registered Gemologist Appraisers Meeting.
  • Talk about the new Insurance Institute of Gemology and the marketing and technical support that is available  from the ISG and IIG.
• 6:00 pm – till….: ISG Industry Reception

Free food, beer and wine, along with cash bar. Come meet the people you have been hearing about that are changing this industry toward a better and more positive future.

Special Presentation: Visit the reception and see the ISG Andesine Study Group of gemstones and view the actual specimens used to expose the largest gemstone scam in the history of the industry.

Lisa Brooks-Pike, founding member of the Jewelers Ethics Association (JEA) has written an interesting article in the most recent JEA News titled “The Path of Diffusion; read it here. The Jewelers Ethics Association (JEA) is an association open to all members of the trade and consumers. JEA provides its members with information, education, mediation and support to increase confidence in the products they buy and sell

The Canadian Institute of Gemmology (C.I.G.) is a member of the JEA.

Vancouver C.I.G. Courses and Workshops – Winter 2011

$695/ 10 sessions or 2 weekends, includes text-books and exam fees (no HST)

• Course GEM 110-1 Fri, April 15 and 22 6:15 – 9:00 p.m., Sat/Sun, April 16/17 and 23/24, 10 a.m – 4:30 p.m.

This course is also available by correspondence. More info.

GEM 130 Introduction to Diamonds

$495/ 6 sessions includes text-book “Diamond Buying Guide”;  “Diamonds” and exam fees (no HST)

• Course GEM 130-1 Mon/Tue, April 18/19, 10 a.m – 4:30 p.m., Wed, April 20, 10:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m.

This course is also available by correspondence. More info.

$495/ 6 sessions includes text-book “Pearl Buying Guide”, “Pearls”, “Opal” and “Jade” and exam fees (no HST)

• Course GEM 160-1 Fri, April 29, 6:15 – 9:00 p.m., Sat/Sun, April 30/May 1, 10 a.m – 4:30 p.m.

This course is also available by correspondence. More info.

Accredited Gemmologist (C.I.G.)^® Professional Development Program

The Canadian Institute of Gemmology is offering a self-guided study program for students who have completed a gemmology program with another institution. Upon successful completion of the AG-PDP graduates are entitled to use the international recognized professional Accredited Gemmologist (C.I.G.)^® designation – a registered certification mark (PDF).

Entrance Requirements: “Fine Jewellery Expert (C.I.G.)”, F.G.A. or equivalent from other international institutions; foreign candidates may apply but must enter Canada under a visitor’s visa (no student visas available). If credentials were obtained before 2001, a practical entrance test must be passed.

For more info go to Advanced (GEM 200-level) Courses.

GEM 250 – 1 Update Course (for 2010 class)

Sat – Tue, May 21 – 24, 10 a.m. – 4:30 p.m, Richmond, B.C., Airport Hotel

GEM 250 – 2 Update Courses (for 2011 class)

Tue – Fri, Nov. 15 – 18, 10a.m. – 4:30 p.m. (midweek class), Richmond, B.C., Airport Hotel

GLGemSpec Update Workshop

Advanced Gem Identification for GLGemSpec users (free):

• Spring Session: Tue, May 24, 10 a.m. – 4:30 p.m., Richmond, B.C., Airport Hotel
• Fall Session: Fri, Nov 18, 10 a.m. – 4:30 p.m., Richmond, B.C., Airport Hotel

There may be space for other professional gemmologists interested in getting first-hand experience with the GL Gem Spectrometer; please contact us.

To Register for the above courses, please call: 604-530-8569

W. William Hanneman, Ph.D. has recently published a new book “Pragmatic Spectroscopy for Gemologists”.

	Part 1: Visible Range Spectroscopy Video Spectroscopy Reference Spectra Part 2: Causes of Color Part 3: Visible and Near IR Spectroscopy GL Gem Spectrometer Remote Operation Selected Gemstones Part 4: Typical Spectra of Colored Gems Part 5: Typical Spectra of Colorless Gems
Wolf Kuehn and Dr. Bill Hanneman Tucson, Arizona 2011	Order Online	Book Cover

You can download Wolf Kuehn’s PowerPoint presentation  “GL Gem Spectrometer and Advanced Gem Testing” held at the Arizona Hotel during the “ISG Lab Updates and Reports” session on Friday, February 4 here (PDF); the video-clips can be watched at the GL Gem Spectrometer page or in the GLGemSpec support area.

Bill Hanneman has also made available for download his Diamond Cut Grading Simplified (PDF) approach; a simple method as good as any other grading system.

GLGemSpec Version 2.4 is now available

All users should have received the update to version 2.4 of the GLGemSpec program. Please let me know if you did not receive it.

Version 2.4 saves recent settings and runs under Windows 7 32/64 bit systems.

Version History

Version 1.0, July 1, 2010 GLGemSpec saves .fak file for import into Spekwin32
Version 2.0 September 1, 2010 added ABS (absorbance button)
Version 2.1 October 26, 2010 added zoom feature
Version 2.2 December 28, 2010 added colour bar and special 400 – 700 nm zoom range area
Version 2.3 February 8, 2011 saves recent settings
Version 2.4 February 23, 2011 compatible with Win 7 Service Pack 1 32/64-bit

Note for 64-bit computer users:  firmware update recommended if spectrometer was purchased before February 23, 2011

LOWER PRICE: We have reduced the price of the basic GLGemSpec system to $ 1,495. Visit the Gemlab Instruments Store.

The next GL Newsletter with interesting topics will be published March 8.

Wolf Kuehn,  F.G.A., F.G.G. – GLR&T Project Manager

AGTA GemFair Tucson, February 2011

After decreasing numbers of visitors in the past years it appears that Tucson is slowly recovering. However, the freezing temperatures during the week kept traffic low in the tents with the exception of the GJX  which was busy. Apart from ubiquous Ethiopian opal and some impressive rhodochrosite crystals (Emperor and Empress of China) there was little else newsworthy.

Many friends and colleagues dropped by at the C.I.G. booth to check out the GL Gem Spectrometer. Dr. Bill Hanneman’s new book “Pragmatic Spectroscopy for Gemologists” was ready and sold out quickly. Renee Newman also visited our booth and presented her second volume of “Exotic Gems”- just ready for the Tucson gem shows. The above books can be purchased here.

ISG Lab Updates and Reports

Despite the early hour and record breaking low temperatures the event was well attended. You can download my PowerPoint presentation  “GL Gem Spectrometer and Advanced Gem Testing” held at the Arizona Hotel here (PDF); the video-clips can be watched at the GL Gem Spectrometer page or in the GLGemSpec support area.

Dr. Bill Hanneman who also attended the meeting has made available for download his Diamond Cut Grading Simplified (PDF) approach; a simple method and workable alternative to other grading systems.

Andesine Update

ISG Andesine exhibit: Feldspars that provide Mexican and Tibet R.I.s

In the “ISG Lab Updates and Reports” Robert James reported on several feldspars that showed only partial treatment in one area of the stone. Testing these stones with a refractometer two distinct refractive index readings were obtained on the same table of the same feldspar by just reading over the treated and untreated areas: one typical for Mexican, the other for reported Tibetan. Here is the link with more details about his research:  ISG: Andesine the Final Chapter (PDF).

Also visit Tibet Andesine … the true story website.

Planning for Tucson 2012

We are already planning for 2012 with practical workshops and seminars to be held later in the week. Please contact me if you are interested in  contributing to an event; any help is appreciated. More information in the CIGem Newsletter Spring 2011.

Synthetic/Imitation “Ruby” Flooding the Market

For several years I have been warning students and consumers about this “very attractive” material. During the Tucson shows quite a few dealers were selling stones undisclosed at prices ranging from $ 1 – 100/ct. The market is being flooded with this worthless material. Consumers are not fully aware about possible problems when these stones are set in jewellery.

Whether this material should be called “composite ruby” or “composite glass” depending on the percentage of ruby or glass content is irrelevant. The material does not occur in nature and is man-made; if it has the same properties as its natural counterpart it should be properly named “synthetic ruby”. However,  the material lacks the hardness and toughness of natural ruby.

If the original material is some kind of corundum and is consequently filled using lead glass and other substances in order to give it the appearance of ruby it should be called “imitation ruby” – a term I recommend.

This material should be refused by laboratories as it is essentially worthless material and easily recognizable. People selling or appraising this material as “ruby”  are running the danger of being sued for misrepresentation. I have encouraged and will support clients who bought this material and were misled. They should request refunds and/or seek remedy through legal channels such as the small claims courts.

Paraiba Tourmaline

During the AGTA show a lady  showed me several tourmaline crystals given to her by her father who operates one of the Paraiba mines in Brazil. I tested them on the GL Gem Spectrometer and they did not show any copper content. The crystals displayed a very nice deep bluish-green colour but were lacking the “neon” effect. According to the LMHC definition her tourmalines cannot be called “Paraiba” though the crystals were coming directly from there! From what she was telling me I did not question her credibility as to the source.

A few days later a Brazilian friend contacted me about a purple elbaite tourmaline from Africa in which presence of Mn and Cu was detected using a x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. The African seller was interested in getting the “Paraiba” designation for his stones based on the copper content.

And Yes, I bought – not in Tucson but recently on e-Bay  – a blue “Paraiba” tourmaline weighing 3.10 ct for $ 86 (valued at $ 5,800 by the seller), it is copper bearing and has a nice “neon effect”. A gem dealer friend looked at the stone and suggested to offer it for sale at $ 2,000 as a starting point. No further comment!

If  interested go to e-Bay and search for “Paraiba Torumaline”; there will be over 3,000 offers – buy at your own risk. If you want it tested for copper contact me.

GLGemSpec Version 2.4

All users should have received the update to version 2.4 of the GLGemSpec program. Version 2.4 saves recent settings and runs under both  Windows 32/64 bit systems. A copy of Bill Hanneman’s recently published new book “Pragmatic Spectroscopy for Gemologists” was sent to all GLGemSpec users; please let me know if you did not receive yours.

LOWER PRICE: The price of the basic GLGemSpec system has been reduced to $ 1,495; we now accept PayPal payments.

Visit the Gemlab Instruments Store.

Interesting Absorption Band Seen in Beryls

After checking a larger number of beryls (yellow, blue and pink colours) we frequently noticed an absorption peak in the 950 – 960 nm NIR range. Consulting the on-line reference spectral database (Caltech Mineral Spectroscopy Server) we found the following possible explanation: “In the spectra of all these minerals, sharp features in the near-infrared region arise from water molecules in the c-axis channels of the beryl structure.”

B.C. Gem and Mineral Show

Visit the C.I.G. booth Date: April 8 – 10, 2011 Location: Abbotsford, BC, Canada More Info: http://www.lapidary.bc.ca/gemshow.html

Books and Gem Instruments Sale (up to 50% off only during the show), special C.I.G. display “Vintage Gem Testing Instruments”, demonstrations and more.

C.I.G. Update Classes

GEM 250 – 1 Update Course (for 2010 class): Sat – Wed, May 21 – 25, 10 a.m. – 4:30 p.m, Richmond, B.C., Airport Hotel

GEM 250 – 2 Update Course (for 2011 class): Sat  – Wed, Nov. 12 – 16, 10a.m. – 4:30 p.m. Richmond, B.C., Airport Hotel

Advanced Gem Identification for GLGemSpec users (free)

• Spring Session:Wed, May 25, 10 a.m. – 12:30 p.m., Richmond, B.C., Airport Hotel
• Fall Session: Wed, Nov 16, 10 a.m. – 12:30 p.m., Richmond, B.C., Airport Hotel

At the moment Gemlab R&T is not offering gemmological services to the trade or general public. However, Accredited Gemmologists (C.I.G.) in good standing have access to our  testing services.

Wolf Kuehn, B.A., M.A., Dipl.oec, F.G.A., F.G.G. – GLR&T Project Manager

© 2011 Gemlab Research & Technology, Vancouver, Canada

New Items in the Store

After 3 months we finally received the shipment with new gem testing equipment.

Please visit the store to check prices; we offer free shipping in North America and a flat-rate for certain countries. Here are some of the highlights:

Gem Instruments

	GL Digital Refractometer This new desk-top unit with microprocessor works like a gem refractometer. It is actually a reflectivity meter which converts the measurements into a R.I.; it has a testing range from RI 1.30 – 2.99. Recommended for gemstones above the RI 1.80 limit for a refractometer Refractive index (RI) and Reflectivity (%) are shown on a LCD display. $349.95
	GL Prism SpectroLite Package Portable package contains GL Prism Spectroscope, Amici prism, fixed slit, adjustable focus $129.95
	GL LED Refractometer II This new compact and portable unit with superior optics has several options for illumination: - built-in switchable LED light - opening for external light sources such as flashlight, etc - external GL 5 LED Light Box (included) $149.95
	GL 5 LED Light Box This light source is composed of 5 white LED bulbs powered by three AAA batteries.It is compatible with the GL Portable Polariscope, the GL Darkfield 10x Loupe and other instruments. Ideal for direct observation using a loupe. $24.95

GL Gem Spectrometer

LOWER PRICE: The price of the basic GLGemSpec system has been reduced to $ 1,495; we now accept PayPal payments.

Visit the Gemlab Instruments Store.

Recommended Books

Exotic Gems (Volume 2) by Renée Newman is a full-color guide to identifying and evaluating alexandrite, andalusite, chrysoberyl, cat’s-eye, kyanite, sillimanite, common opal, fire opal, dinosaur gembone, tsavorite, rhodolite, spessartine, demantoid, malaya, grossular.and other garnets. This is the second in a series of books that explores the history, lore, properties, qualities and geographic sources of lesser-known gems. Paperback / 6″ x 9″ / 154 pages, 408 color photos $19.95

Diamond Grading ABC: Handbook of Diamond Grading Verena Pagel-Theisen, Hardcover, 2007, 322pp This book is a handy reference for diamond grading. In this revised, enlarged, and updated (9th) edition, the author has included in-depth information about the technical and scientific changes which have taken place in the diamond industry. The Manual remains a practical guide to diamond grading that is a useful tool for every diamond dealer, jeweler and gemologist. $80.00

This is the pre-scribed text-book for GEM 210 Diamond Grading course.

B.C. Gem and Mineral Show

Visit the C.I.G. booth with book and instrument display. Study stones and interesting gemstones for collectors. More Info: http://www.lapidary.bc.ca/gemshow.html

Books and Gem Instruments Sale (up to 50% off only during the show), special C.I.G. display “Vintage Gem Testing Instruments”, demonstrations and more.

GEM 130 Introduction to Diamonds

In this course you will learn everything you need to know about diamonds. Sell more and answer customer questions with confidence. Introduction to diamond grading and jewellery fashion.

• Course GEM 130-1 Fri, April 15, 6:15 – 9:00 p.m., Sat/Sun, April 16/17, 10 a.m – 4:30 p.m. (weekend class, Richmond, B.C.) – Register by March 31
• $495/ 6 units includes text-book “Diamond Buying Guide”; Fred Ward Series “Diamonds” and exam fees (no HST)

This course is also available by correspondence. To register on-line go here.

GEM 210 Diamond Grading

• Course GEM 210-2 Mon, May 23, 12:30 – 4:30 p.m., Tue/Wed, May 24/25, 10 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. (midweek class, 2 1/2 days, Richmond, B.C.)
• $995 includes home study lessons (must be completed prior to practical class), grading projects with actual diamonds, study materials and exam fees (no HST) but does not include the textbook “Diamond Grading ABC: Handbook of Diamond Grading” by Pagel Theisen, 2007 (price $ 80)
• Prerequisite: GEM 130 Introduction to Diamonds

To register on-line go here or call (604) 530-8569.

Gemlab Research & Technology

Canadian Institute of Gemmology

Wolf Kuehn, B.A., M.A., Dipl.oec, F.G.A., F.G.G. – GLR&T Project Manager

© 2011 Gemlab Research & Technology, Vancouver, Canada

As a group, feldspars are the most abundant minerals on planet Earth. Yet despite mineralogical superabundance and gargantuan crystal size, transparent feldspar gems (with a few notable exceptions) are usually tiny and extremely rare. The vast majority of ornamental feldspars are opaque or translucent, white, gray or a very pale hue, and often display a “phenomenon”, such as iridescence or some other type of color effect. These materials, including moonstone and sunstone, have been prized as gems for centuries. Several, including labradorite and amazonite, are widely used in jewelry.

Question: what has prevented the gemstone world from paying as much attention to feldspars as they deserve?

Answer: Extreme rarity, small size, and lack of bright coloration has prevented the gemstone world from paying as much attention to feldspars as the group deserves.

The following article is an attempt to correct this mistake and reveal the amazing story of a group of gems that may turn out to be major players in the future of the jewelry trade.

Read Dr. Arems’ article here (PDF)

Canada Post Labour Disruption

By the time you read this newsletter Canada Post should be back to work. We will process all orders as soon a possible; please be patient as there will be some delays.

Save $ 100 on GL Gem Spectrometer

This is an opportunity to purchase a GL Gem Spectrometer system for a lower price (limited time and quantities); sold to users in over 15 countries our spectrometer is an advanced testing tool for the professional gemmologist. See detailed product information here.

In the last 9 months since introduction we have improved the firmware and software to make the spectrometer more efficient. As part of our commitment we offer a generous warranty and upgrade policy. Due to the Canada Post strike we have extended our sales until July 15, 2011 Please order here

Calibration Problems with Chinese made Refractometers

We have tested several  refractometers from China and made some observations which are of importance to beginner gemmologists (and perhaps to the experienced as well). Almost all units we inspected were NOT properly calibrated.

In particular the model sold for under $ 100 like in the packaging to the left had variations of up to .010 for refractive index which could lead to wrong identification when unaware of the deficiency. We opened one of these units and discoverd that all the movable parts in the instrument were glued together and modification was impossible. The 2 models sold in our on-line store can be adjusted after disassembly. We use a reference stone of RI=1.4703 to calibrate all units before shipping.

In the past we have sold refractometers with a built-in LED which provides a satisfactory mono-chromatic light source; however, users report about drained batteries after putting the refractometer back in the protective pouch and being accidentally switched on again.

We recommend our GL Portable Refractometer (with an external flashlight); you can purchase it here.

A Portable Polariscope and Dark-Field Scope

We are always looking for ways to make gem testing instruments more portable. The GL 5 LED Light Box provides an effective light base for the GL Portable Polariscope and the GLDarkfield 10X Loupe and other instruments such as refractometer, dichroscope and filters.

We have tested several gem testing tools with the GL 5 LED Light Box including the dichroscope and hand-held spectroscope (be aware of transmission typical for this type of LED) and 20x loupe; it operates on 3 AAA batteries. The image to the left shows the GL Portable Polariscope mounted ontop of the 5 LEDs and unmounted. It is easily replaced by the GL Darkfield 10x Loupe making it into a versatile portable mini microsope with darkfield. The light output of the 5 LEDs is quite strong. Fracture filled diamonds and types of glass filling are easily identified. The polariscope has a removable immersion cell allowing undistorted view of inclusion features when used with the proper immersion liquids.

We highly recommend this light unit in combination with the mentioned portable gem testing tools.

Study Stones for Be-treated Sapphire and Filled Rubies

We have started offering a variety of study stones for reference purposes. Many Be-treated sapphires can be identified when detecting features such as seen in the study stones; filled rubies are easier to spot. In the coming weeks we will offer other additional stones in the on-line store. We also have several Colombian emerald (Muzo) specimen for sale.

Click for Be-treated sapphire and lead filled ruby samples.

Understanding Rough Gemstones

We received an interesting book which we highly recommend. If there is enough interest we will carry it in our on-line bookstore.

Whether one is a novice in the field of gemology or a veteran, Understanding Rough Gemstones, by Shyamala Fernandes and Gagan Choudhary, will definitely give one a refreshing and relevant view of gemstone rough. Perhaps what makes this content of this book so intriguing is the fact that both authors have been closely associated with gemmology for practically their entire lives. They are not only incredibly passionate about the subject but also very well-read. The book manages to teach the reader a whole lot without becoming, at any point, monotonous or heavy. Whether a student or a veteran gemologist, we are sure that there will be some gems of knowledge in this book for everyone. Loaded with picturesque photographs and characterized by charmingly simple writing, this book is must-readl! Pages: 211 with many illustrations, images, reference tables, etc. Cost is approximately $ 35 plus shipping from India. Call Helen D Souza at IIJ Tel 022 67444355 or email .in

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Wolf Kuehn, B.A., M.A., Dipl.oec, F.G.A., F.G.G. – GLR&T Project Manager

© 2011 Gemlab Research & Technology, Vancouver, Canada

GL Gem Spectrometer Anniversary Sale

One year ago Gemlab Research & Technology introduced this innovative gem testing instrument; since then over 50 units have been sold to users in 15 countries. The improvement of the GL Gem Spectrometer is an ongoing process.

We are proud that we were able to enhance the CCD in a proprietary process to produce a much more stable signal; sensitivity was increased as well and both software and hardware are now 64 bit compliant. The GL Halogen Light Holder has been redesigned to produce a brighter light and less noise in fringe spectral  areas.

All units are hand-made locally, tested in the GL R&T lab before shipping and support services are available by phone and e-mail. The present price of US$ 1,495.00 (Can$ 1,565, 1.125,00 Euros) for the whole package including the software licence is the lowest this year. Take the opportunity and order a unit right now;  please allow up to 3 weeks for delivery. More Information…

Free Delivery to Canada and Continental USA

Click Here to Order the GL Gem Spectrometer

Comment: GLGemSpec users have asked about the new MDM Direct Reading Digital Gem Spectroscope; it is definitely superior to a hand spectroscope with an accuracy down to 1 nm. However, it is still an analog device with a diffraction grating spectroscope coupled to a camera which allows comfortable viewing of the spectra on a LCD monitor. The GL Gem Spectrometer is a tool that requires a computer to operate. Spectras can be saved, edited, published and printed out; the instrument requires a more experienced gemmologist to interpret the results which are made available to others in a data-base.

Our Warranty and Commitment

We will repair and replace your GL Gem Spectrometer if necessary due to defective parts, etc during the first 6 months unless other consumer protection regulations exist in your country. We also offer free firmware/CCD upgrades within 12 months if shipped to us at your cost and risk and we will return the unit to you at no cost. After 12 months a processing fee of $ 295 will be charged which covers the firmware update with any CCD upgrade (can be customized), re-alignment and recalibration for dropped spectrometers, etc.  and return shipping charges; other repair services upon request. Software updates are always free.

GEM 350 GLGemSpec Update Workshop

This course is for current or future users of the GL Gem Spectrometer system.

• Using PowerPoint presentations the development and use of modern spectrometers is introduced.
• The actual use of an Ocean Optics USB 4000 spectrometer and the GL Gem Spectrometer is demonstrated and compared.
• Practical testing of numerous gem materials will be conducted by the participants under supervision of the workshop facilitator.
• Introduction of a prototype of the GL Raman Spectrometer to be released in February 2012.

Participants are encouraged to bring their own  gem materials for testing. To register on-line go here.

Presenter: Wolf Kuehn,  B.A., M.A., Dipl.oec, FGA,  FGG (Canadian Institute of Gemmology)

Time: Friday, November 11, 2011 from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. (3.0 hours)

Location: Vancouver Airport Hotel TBA, Richmond B.C., Canada

Limited to 8 participants

Participants who purchased the GL Gem Spectrometer system and future purchasers (within one month) will receive a voucher in the amount of $ Can295 which can be applied towards upgrade and calibration services, book and instrument purchases in the Gemlab store.

We reserve the right to cancel courses if there is insufficient enrolment; upon return of all course materials students will receive a full refund for the tuition paid but no other compensation can be offered.

Please wait with travel arrangements until final confirmation.

View/Download and read carefully our refund policy (PDF).

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From the Editor

This newsletter is a bit late in the year as I wanted to wait for the first results from the proto-type GL Gem Raman spectrometer. I spent part of the summer in Europe (image is from Wilder Kaiser Mountains, Austria) and had the opportunity to make contact with several GLGemSpec users.

I wish you a Merry Christmas Season with a Happy and Successful 2012 and hope to see you in Tucson, Arizona in February.

GL Gem Raman Developments:

We finished testing the proto-type of the GL Gem Raman and have started designing a production unit combined with software development. We hope to have the first units for sale at the AGTA GemFair show in Tucson, Arizona in February 2012.

More info here.

Here a few comments about the advantages (and disadvantages) of a Raman over other advanced gem testing instruments such as FTIR, UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer, etc:

We have chosen a 300 mW 532nm laser as excitation source as commercial units are now available at economical prices. These devices use diode lasers to “pump” a Nd-YAG laser which operates at 1064 nm. The light from this laser is frequency-doubled to give green 532 nm light. This wavelength is about optimum for both Raman efficiency and the detector operating range. The Raman spectral range is from 200 – 2,500 cm-1 and output under 200 mW is usually sufficient and safe for the sample.

Raman spectroscopy is scattering-based, not transmission/reflection; i.e. no need for sample preparation. Only a small sample area is required; there are no movable optical parts and maintenance is minimal.

The Raman can quickly tell the difference between diamond, cubic zirconia and zircon, distinguish jadeite from nephrite, separate real from faux pearls, tell whether it is ivory or plastic. There is great potential for detecting treatments and colour enhancements in gemstones; it will help in the determination of the nature and colour origin of diamonds and other gemstones.

The GL Gem Raman has a sample compartment big enough to accomodate larger specimen and single pieces of jewellery.

Large reference databases are available on-line such as at the RRUFF Project; GL R&T together with other GL Gem Raman users will build a reference database for the 532nm excitation laser used in the instrument.

Sphene or Sphalerite?

From RUFF Project

In the C.I.G. study gem collection we have one stone marked “sphene (over the limit)”. As I did not get results with the refractometer we checked the stone with the GL Gem Raman; as shown above we could match the stone with the RUFF reference for sphalerite.

BTW: The GL Gem Spectrometer would have provided a (less expensive) answer; both transmission spectra for sphene (titanite) and sphalerite were recorded by Dr. Bill Hanneman with the GLGemSpec in his book “Pragmatic Spectroscopy for Gemologists“. Below the normalized absoprtion spectrum of sphalerite (obtained with our GLGemSpec) and the Caltech reference (Mineral Spectroscopy Server) for sphene (titanite); they do not have a reference spectrum for sphalerite:

GL Gem Spectrometer

If you want to join other GLGemSpec users in over 15 countries you must order your unit soon  to receive it before Christmas; see detailed product information here. We also have a demo unit for sale ($ 200 savings).

In the last 12 months since introduction we have improved the firmware and software to make the spectrometer very efficient for use with or without the GL Halogen 10W Holder. Experienced users have developed their own illumination setups for use with larger samples and individual jewellery pieces. As part of our commitment we offer a generous warranty and upgrade policy. Please order here.

“A comparison study of corundum using the GL Gem Spectrometer” by the World Gem Society; download (PDF) here.

Tucson 2012

AGTA GemFair Tucson 2012 – January 31 to February 5 Get ready for the big event and visit us at booth # 31 on the Galleria Level

We will have the new GL Gem Raman and the GL Gem Spectrometer on display. I also will be giving a workshop and presentation to be announced later.

C.I.G. Vancouver Courses 2012

We have posted the schedule for Courses/Workshops in the coming new year here.

World Gem Society

For a nominal fee you can access a variety of resources available to gemmologists and appraisers.

Wolf Kuehn, B.A., M.A., Dipl.oec, F.G.A., F.G.G. – GLR&T Project Manager

© 2011 Gemlab Research & Technology, Vancouver, Canada – www.gemlab.ws

The name and logo is a registered trade mark (Registration # TMA407372 Canadian Intellectual Property Office)

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Gemlab Research & Technology

ISSN 0846-3611 GEMMOLOGY CANADA

From the Editor:

I wish everyone a Happy and Rewarding New Year.

It appears that 2012 will be an interesting year for gemmology and all interested in the fascinating world of gems and jewellery. There may be a decline in activity at the various levels of the gem industry; however, there is a lack of well trained “gem technologists” who are absolutely necessary in this challenging world of new gem discoveries, gem treatments and innovative (and sometimes questionable) marketing schemes. Gemmology is a life long learning experience and perhaps now is the time to look into your professional development.

Wolf Kuehn, F.G.A., F.G.G.

Tucson February 2012

The Truth about Feldspars

Dr. Joel E. Arem, PhD, FGA has completed a new research paper entitled “Obervations On The Occurrence Of Plagioclase Feldspars (PDF)“; please read this scientifically sound report and make your own conclusions.

In several previous CIGem News issues I have openly stated my position and opinion about the “Andesine Scam”. I am happy that a scholar like Joel Arem (PhD, Harvard University) has written a convincing article about the geological facts surrounding feldspar localities.

The whole story about large gem quality andesine from Congo combined with questionable research on specimen supposedly coming from Tibet and Mongolia appears to me an elaborate, well planned and executed hoax! I will change my opinion as soon as I read a scientific report of an independent geological research team verifying a gem quality producing mine in Congo or Tibet.

Emerald Controversy

Gemstone Forecaster

I highly recommend reading the Winter 2011 issue of the Gemstone Forecaster newsletter published by R. Genis. This edition contains an eye-opening interview with Cap Beesly (formerly AGL) about the current gem laboratory situation, an interesting video by Al Jazeera about Burma and several other newsworthy items.

Proprietary Method for Heat Treatment of Gems

Ted Themelis of Gemlab Inc, Bangkok (Thailand) is using a new innovative methodology for untreated (or previously treated) rubies, sapphires, spinels, grossulars and other gems. The treatment enhances color, clarity, transparency, luster and brilliance on selected types of gems. Read more about it here.

GL Gem Raman Spectrometer

The GL Gem Raman quickly can tell the difference between diamond, cubic zirconia and zircon, distinguish jadeite from nephrite, separate real from faux pearls, tell whether it is ivory or plastic. There is great potential for detecting treatments and colour enhancements in gemstones; it will help in the determination of the nature and colour origin of diamonds and other gemstones.

More inforation about the GL Gem Raman^TM spectrometer system here.

New Version for GLGemSpec Program

We just finalized and tested version 2.5 of the GLGemSpec software. All GLGemSpec users should have received their update package by now. Please visit the GL GemSpec Support area for more information.

The update version includes a normalization feature; the spectrograph can be saved and used as a reference in the GLGemSpec data-base for other users to compare.

GEM 350 GLGem Spec Update Workshop

This course is for current or future users of the GL Gem Spectrometer system.

• Using PowerPoint presentations the development and use of modern spectrometers is introduced.
• The actual use of an Ocean Optics USB 4000 spectrometer and the GL Gem Spectrometer is demonstrated and compared.
• Practical testing of a number of interesting gem materials will be conducted by the participants under supervision of the workshop facilitator.
• Introduction of the GL Raman Spectrometer released in February 2012.

Participants are encouraged to bring their own gem materials for testing. To register on-line go here.

Presenter: Wolf Kuehn, B.A., M.A., Dipl.oec, FGA, FGG

Time: Tue, May 22, 2012 from 6 – 9 p.m. (3.0 hours)

Location: Richmond, B.C., Canada

Limited to 5 participants

Fee: $ 295 (free for current GLGemSpec users)

Participants who purchased the GL Gem Spectrometer system and future purchasers (within one month) will receive a voucher in the amount of $ 295 which can be applied towards upgrade and calibration services, book and instrument purchases in the Gemlab store.

C.I.G. Professional Development Program (AG-PDP)

Entrance Requirements

“Fine Jewellery Expert (C.I.G.)”, F.G.A. or equivalent from other institutions; foreign candidates may apply but must enter Canada under a visitor’s visa (no student visas available). If credentials were obtained before 2002 a practical entrance test must be passed.

Course Credits Required

• All C.I.G. GEM 200-level courses
  • GEM 210 Diamond Grading
  • GEM 220 Advanced Gemmology
  • GEM 230 Gem Colour Grading
  • GEM 250 Gem Identification II
• For this course it is recommended that students have basic gem testing equipment at their disposal to complete individual projects at home or at their work place; students will also learn the use of UV- VIS – NIR spectrometers. There will be a five-day practical workshop to complete the AG-PDP program.

To obtain certification as an Accredited Gemmologist (C.I.G.)^® a scientific paper has to be submitted within 6 months of completion of the A.G. (C.I.G.) diploma exam. See course outline or View/Download brochure (PDF) and View/Download Application Form (PDF). If you have any further questions about the AG-PDP program please call (604) 530-8569.

Individual courses must be completed within 12 months; courses leading to a certificate or diploma must all be completed within 24 months.

For more info about the C.I.G. Professional Development Program (AG-PDP) go to Advanced (GEM 200-level) Courses or download brochure (PDF).

World Gem Society

The Canadain Institute of Gemmology is a member of the World Gem Society. For a nominal fee you can access a variety of resources available.

Wolf Kuehn, B.A., M.A., Dipl.oec, F.G.A., F.G.G. – Director of Education

© 2012 Canadian Institute of Gemmology, Vancouver, Canada – www.cigem.ca

The name and logo and the designation Accredited Gemmologist (C.I.G.)^® are registered trade marks (Registration # TMA407372 Canadian Intellectual Property Office)

Canadian Institute of Gemmology

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: GL Gem Raman ^TM – now available

March 1, 2012, Vancouver, B.C., Canada

Gemlab Research & Technology has released its GL Gem Raman^TM system.

The GL Gem Raman^TM is an advanced gem testing instrument for experienced gemmologists, gem merchants, mineral collectors and others; it is also an excellent educational tool.

GL Gem Raman linked to database

Carved jadeite statue being tested

The GL Gem Raman quickly can tell the difference between diamond, cubic zirconia, glass and zircon, distinguish jadeite from nephrite, separate real from faux pearls, tell whether it is ivory or plastic. There is great potential for detecting treatments and colour enhancements in gemstones; it will help in the determination of the nature of diamonds, gemstones and minerals.

The GL Gem Raman software allows real-time spectral acquisition; it can be used to operate both the GL Gem Spectrometer and the GL Gem Raman making them a powerful combo unit for advanced gemstone and mineral identification. It can replace other advanced spectrometer types such as NIR256-2.5 near-infrared spectrometers, FTIR (Fourier transform spectroscopy) spectrometers and temperature regulated Raman units.

The spectra can be saved and imported into a searchable database program with over 3,000 references; the database is linked to the large on-line mineralogical RUFF database for Raman spectra.

GL Gem Raman users will also have access to the C.I.G. (Canadian Institute of Gemmology) gem reference library which is being compiled from its large gem study collection. Other reference databases can be consulted on-line.

The GL Gem Raman is now available for under $ 7,000 FOB Vancouver, Canada .

Click here for more information; to order go to the Gemlab on-line store.

Contact: Wolf Kuehn, Project Manager, Gemlab Research & Technology, (604) 530-8569

Mailing address: P.O. Box 57010, Vancouver, B.C., V5K 5G6 CANADA

© 2012 Gemlab Research & Technology, Vancouver, Canada – www.gemlab.ws

The name and logo is a registered trade mark (Registration # TMA407372 CIPO)

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ISSN 0846-3611 GEMMOLOGY CANADA – Wolf Kuehn, F.G.G., F.G.A., Editor

From the Editor:

Since my return from a very successful AGTA GemFair in Tucson, Arizona we have been busy shipping orders and answering questions about our courses and products. I am happy to report that the work for the GL Gem Raman has now been completed and the first units are ready for shipment.

The Canadian Institute of Gemmology will be exhibiting at the upcoming BC Gem and Mineral show (see below). At the C.I.G. booth the GL Gem Spectrometer and the GL Gem Raman will be demonstrated to both dealers and visitors; we also have new books on display and specials on gem testing equipment are available. Please drop by if you are in the area.

I will be travelling to Europe to attend the Geo-Raman in Nancy, France (June 11-13). Before and after I am available for any meetings, demos or talks to groups interested in our line of spectrometers and any training sessions; please contact me.

We have started revamping our website. The interface is being upgraded using the Genesis Framework which will give us the flexibility and power to develop a modern and secure web environment.

BC Gem & Mineral Show – April 13, 14 & 15

Ag-Rec Building, Central Fraser Valley Fairgrounds, 32470 – Haida Drive, Abbotsford, British Columbia

Admission: Adults – $6.00, Students (6 – 17) – $2.00, Under 6 (accompanied by an adult) – Free

Learn about mining from Britannia Mine Museum and Sego Resources, see the beauty created by Clayburn Copperworks, Beads, Crystals, Minerals, Gifts & supplies for the lapidary hobby. Many Club Displays, Demonstrations, Grab Bags, Children’s Creative Workshop, Gold Panning & Door Prizes.

C.I.G. Advisory Board Member Charles Lewton-Brain Receives Award

(Heath McCoy, from – The Calgary Herald – 28 Feb. 2012)

A Calgary goldsmith, artist and educator, renowned internationally for his innovative work in the world of jewellery, will be presented with a 2012 Governor General’s Award in Visual and Media Arts at the end of March. Charles Lewton-Brain, 55, longtime teacher in th jewellery and metals program at the Alberta College of Art& Design (ACAD) will receive the Saidye Brongman Award at the official awards ceremony on March 28 at Ottawa’s Rideau Hall. Along with a special issue medallion by the Royal Canadian Mint, Lewton-Brain and his fellow recipients will be awarded with $25,000.

The London, England born goldsmith has dedicated his life to the art of jewellery since being introduced to the craft as a teenager while in the American southwest. It was a girlfriend’s mother, a dealer of Native American jewellery, who got him hooked, he says, when she taught him how to grind turquoise by hand “the old fashioned way, using a grindstone.”

Studying jewellery and metals at the Nova Scotia College of Art Design and then traveling around the world to learn from some of the top goldsmiths on the planet, Lewton-Brain arrived in Calgary in 1986 to begin his illustrious career at ACAD. He first found himself in the international spotlight in the late ‘80s for inventing a technique called foldforming, which uses simple hand tools to rapidly shape sheet metal. Lewton-Brain has also made a substantial impact as an educator. In addition to his work at ACAD he started his own publishing company, Brain Press, through which he’s published “eight books and about 25 papers,” he says. He also co-founded Ganoskin.com, the world’s largest free online resource for jewellers.

Emerald, Sapphire, Diamond Coated CZ

The emerald was disclosed as “recrystallized” in a proprietary process, the sapphire as “diffusion treated” and the “Diamondspark” as a diamond coated cubic zirconia (“Diamond Nano Coated CZ from Japan”). We tested the samples with regular gem testing tools, the GL Gem Spectrometer and the GL Gem Raman.

The emerald was showing a similar spectrum as the Lechleitner type I and II synth. emerald samples we have in the C.I.G. study collection. However, the stone was almost flawless under 40x magnification. The seller could not explain the manufacturing process but we believe it to be hydro-thermal; similar stones can be had from Russian sources for around $ 50/ct; I think we paid a bit too much for the stone but it has a very attractive Muzo colour.

Under the microscope the “Diamondspark” looked very much like diamond but tested CZ with a diamond tester. With the GL Gem Raman we obtained the typical spectrum for cubic zirconia.

Under the microscope and in immersion we could not find any typical pattern pointing to surface diffusion treatment. The stone was flawless under 40x magnification; if the sapphire had been re-crystallized one would expect some occurrence of “melting” features or gas bubbles which are difficult to keep out.

While untreated sapphires rarely exhibit fluorescence, stones exposed to high-temperature heat treatment and synthetic (flame fusion) sapphires do; read the article “Heat Seeker” by R W Hughes/J L Emmett. Our sapphire became fluorescent when irradiated by the laser beam in the Raman unit.

GIT reported an “Update on Titanium diffused Sapphire” in 2010 where colour patching was more difficult to detect. Using the GL Gem Spectrometer we obtained similar absorption curves on record for natural (untreated, unheated) Ceylon sapphire; the Raman spectrum was affected by the fluorescence of the stone and therefore of limited value.

In summary the information provided by the seller was confusing. The high price for the emerald and the very low price/ct paid for the sapphire cannot be explained either. In smaller sizes these stones could be cause of concern as they might be difficult to identify and further studies are necessary; if they are bigger (and the seller had fairly large stones for sale) the lack of any inclusions should ring the alarm bell.

Untreated Natural [name of gemstone]

Walking through the isles of the AGTA GemFair I noticed many signs stating “UNHEATED”; it appears to be a new selling strategy to avoid any disclosure that perhaps this “unheated ruby or sapphire” may have been treated by some other means. If that’s the case it still does not make the gemstone a natural gemstone. An untreated gemstone is a natural gemstone (by definition coming out of the ground). A ruby is a “natural” gemstone unless it is heat-treated, filled, or enhanced by other means and disclosed accordingly.

There are very few “untreated” rubies and sapphires; most of these rubies, emeralds, sapphires (just to name a few of the more popular gems) have been modified, manipulated or “man-made”. Most consumers have no idea what these stones looked like when they came out of the ground. If they did and realized how much the treated gemstone will cost them perhaps they started looking for alternatives. There are very nice man-made gemstones which are available at reasonable prices; they are more durable and can look very deceiving!

I am occasionally wearing a small 14k yellow gold ring set with a very attractive Kashan synthetic ruby to my gem identification classes. Most students believe it is the real thing until I have them check the stone under the microscope. I also have a ring set with a large chrysoprase cabochon which is often mistaken for jadeite.

GL Gem Raman Ready for Delivery

I have used the GL Gem Raman for one month now and I must say it has been the most effective and time saving tool in my career as a gemmologist. In a few minutes I could identify a carved Buddha statue in my office as jadeite which I had difficulty to confirm in the past due to its size. Discovering the potential of the Raman helped me greatly in preparing the support materials for the GL Gem Raman package; new users will find the operation of the unit straight forward and in some ways easier than the GL Gem Spectrometer.

I have almost stopped using the traditional testing tools (with the exception of the microscope) as the Raman can handle most gem materials (including those set in jewellery) as long as they fit in the sampling stage (max. 90 x 90 x 50 mm). If the sample is larger the observation lid needs to be kept open and safety goggles must be worn during the testing.

It takes less than 2 minutes to obtain a spectrum. It may take a bit longer if the sample is fluorescent as the laser intensity has to be reduced and some parameters in the GLGemRaman program adjusted; if the fluorescence is too strong the GL Gem Spectrometer will be helpful.

The GL Gem Raman is an ideal addition to the GL Gem Spectrometer which has over 100 users world-wide. The operation of the Raman unit is easy to learn as is the calibration procedure in case the unit has been transported and/or exposed to shock. A large database for gems and minerals is available to match a spectrum. Like a GLGemSpec spectrum file it can be saved and imported into Spekwin 32 for further processing and editing (see spectral graphs on this page).

The package comes with a support CD (including video) for proper operation of the GL Gem Raman; a trained gemmologist should be able to follow and execute the step-by-step instructions including the calibration procedure if necessary. A 2 1/2 hour workshop (GEM 370 offered by the Canadian Institute of Gemmology and other industry groups in the future) is recommended for gemmologists, mineral collectors and other users; we also provide assistance via Skype video-conferencing.

The GL Gem Raman is now available for under $ 7,000 FOB Vancouver, Canada . Click here for more information; to order go to the Gemlab on-line store.

Warning for Students in Gem ID Classes

It may not be widely known that strong fiber-optic light sources can cause damage to the eye; reflections coming off the surface of a gem while being observed with a spectroscope (in particular the small diffraction grating type) can cause burns to the retina which in some cases cannot be repaired.

In earlier newsletters I have also warned against the use of green and/or blue lasers for gem identification or fluorescence testing without proper eye-protection. A much safer option is the GL Gem Spectrometer or the GL Gem Raman where the sample area is fully secured and the spectral graph is seen on the computer monitor.

GEM 250 GEM IDENTIFICATION II (Advanced)

In this course students will learn state-of-the-art techniques including immersionscope, konoscope, advanced spectroscopy, etc. designed to identify confidently any gemstone encountered in the industry. Between 100 and 120 challenging gems including the most recent synthetic and imitation gem materials are available for testing.

Here a brief list of man-made gems in our study collection: Chatham, Kashan, Ramaura, Knischka, Lechleitner, Regency, Biron, Lenix, Gilson, Tairus rubies, sapphires, emeralds, alexandrite, opal and many others. Gem enhancement techniques such as heat-alteration, surface colour diffusion, irradiation and glass filling are studied.

Hands-on exercises with our portable in-house developed GL Gem Spectrometer and GL Gem Raman system. Practicing gemmologists may use this lab class to up-grade their skills.

To Register, please call: 604-530-8569

GEM 370 GL Gem Raman Workshop

This course is for current or future users of the GL Gem Raman system.

• Using PowerPoint presentations the development and use of Raman spectrometers is introduced.
• Learning step-by-step testing method with GLGemRaman software and searchable database; procedure of proper calibration with Laser Glasses (190-548nm);
• Practical testing of a number of interesting gem materials by the participants under supervision of the workshop facilitator.

GEM 370-2 Tue, May 22 from 6:30 – 9 p.m. (2 1/2 hours)

Location: Vancouver Airport Hotel TBA, Richmond B.C., Canada

Fee: $ 295 (limited to 5 participants). To register on-line go here.

We reserve the right to cancel courses if there is insufficient enrolment; upon return of all course materials students will receive a full refund for the tuition paid but no other compensation can be offered.

Please wait with travel arrangements until final confirmation.

For more info about the C.I.G. Professional Development Program (AG-PDP) go to Advanced (GEM 200-level) Courses or download brochure (PDF).

The Canadian Institute of Gemmology is a member of the World Gem Society. For a nominal fee you can access a variety of resources available.

Wolf Kuehn, B.A., M.A., Dipl.oec, F.G.A., F.G.G. – Director of Education

© 2012 Canadian Institute of Gemmology, Vancouver, Canada – www.cigem.ca

The name and logo “Canadian Institute of Gemmology” and the designation Accredited Gemmologist (C.I.G.)^® are registered trade/certification marks (Registration # TMA407372 CIPO)

Canadian Institute of Gemmology

From the Editor

We had many (and several American friends from WA state) visiting our booth at the BC Gem & Mineral Show last week-end. Every day the GL Gem Raman attracted mineral collectors who tested their samples and made suggestions about how the Raman could be modified for their particular applications (at additional cost); we will be looking into it as some of the features might be of interest to gemmologists as well.

We have started preparing for the Geo-Raman in Nancy, France (June 11-13); I am looking forward to meeting several colleagues and demonstrating the GL Gem Raman . We also added two new refractometers to our gem testing tools in the online store.

New Refractometers

The new compact and fairly accurate GL Gem Refractometer (on-line price $ 129.95) is a good choice for the beginner gemmologist and non-professional user. Like all basic Chinese refractometers the units had to be manually recalibrated against our R.I. 1.4703 reference stone.

Very impressive is the performance of the new and redesigned GL Professional Refractometer (on-line price $ 349.95); it comes in a white plastic casing and was actually properly calibrated. The refractometer has a high hardness CZ (cubic zirconia) hemicylinder and a built in LED-based yellow light source that is powered by either two AA batteries or a small 110-240V power supply with 3VDC output.

The scale is very easy to read and the shadow lines are very sharp; the refractometer is more accurate than the Japanese built Kyowas we purchased for the C.I.G. classes some 20 years ago for $ 650 each. This new professional refractometer has the best performance for its price and is highly recommended.

GL Gem Raman Upgraded

Before delivering the first production units of the GL Gem Raman we were able to change slightly the design of the optical path and replace one lens. As a consequence the Raman signal has improved by 20 – 30% eliminating the second step required for readjusting exposure before subtracting the background.

After focusing the Raman beam the default exposure is now sufficient to get an excellent Raman spectrum off most surfaces. In this sense the Raman is easier to operate than the GL Gem Spectrometer and faster to obtain results. Watch “How to obtain a spectrum with the GL Gem Raman” – (video, no sound – window will pop up) of green untreated jadeite.

All Ramans delivered have already the modified design and the units are slightly smaller and lighter than the proto-type. For up-to-date information go to our special page for the GL Gem Raman.

GLGemSpec News

We have updated the on-line version of “How to Get Started” instructions (for registered GLGemSpec users; can be translated). For additional spectral information we recommend the Edward J. Gübelin Collection which contains unpolarized spectra of a wide variety of gemstones in the 350-750 nm range.

For testing opaque materials or gemstones with little or no light transmission such as diamonds an additional light source (fiber optics halogen light or Xenon flash-light) should be used. We now carry a good quality portable Xenon flashlight in the on-line store.

We compared the radiation spectrum of the built-in GL Halogen 10W Gem Holder and the Xenon flashlight. To reduce noise in the near UV region we are running the 10W/12V halogen bulb hotter at 15Volts. The Xenon light can be used with the GL Gem Holder or unmounted as an excternal light source.

The Xenon light ( 7.4V 15W bulb) comes with 2x CR123A Lithium 3V batteries; however, we recommend to use rechargeable batteries of type 16340. These batteries are rated 4.2V at full charge each and will produce an illuminance of 154.00 lux overall with an output of 214.06 lumens (according to the manufacturer) which is quite impressive.

Searchable Database for the GL Gem Spectrometer

We have been looking for a spectral recognition software/database program for some time; unfortunately commercial programs cost from $ 1,000 – 2000 exceeding the cost of the spectrometer. Analysis of transmission spectra is complex as it is much dependent on optical path which will affect the appearance of the spectrum.

Thermo Scientific provides a Spectra ONLINE service which can be used with GLGemSpec files. We have tried it and it may be useful for the identification of certain samples.

First the GLGemSpec file *.fak has to be imported into Spekwin 32 and saved as a *.spc (THERMO Galactic GRAMS) file. If your spectrum has not been normalized in the GLGemSpec program it can be done here before saving.

On the on-line data entry browse to your saved *.spc file and submit it. A new window appears: under “Technique” select UV-VIS Spectrum, under “YUnit” Absorbance or Transmission, leave the “Algorithm” in the default option with “Auto-Baseline” ON. Then click “Search”.

The results show references with similar spectra and their chemical composition.

Geo-Raman X^thmeeting, Nancy (France) from June 11 – 13, 2012

“Geo-Raman meetings started in Paris in 1986 followed by Toulouse (1989) and Nantes (1996). The meeting moved out of France for the first time in 1999 (Valladolid-Spain) and continued a wide international journey, Prague 2002, Hawaii 2004, Granada 2006, Gent 2008 and Sydney 2010. They are focused on the application of Raman Spectroscopy to Earth Sciences from the surface to the deep mantle and to earth materials used in cultural heritage. Such meetings are typically interdisciplinary and allow Earth scientists and Raman spectroscopists to present their latest results obtained in these disciplines and discuss transversally. Raman instrumentation and in situ experimentation are also a part of such meetings since this optical spectroscopy in a huge variety of environment including the exploration of planet of the solar system”. For more information visit the website.

We submitted an abstract (320KB, PDF) and a poster (950KB, PDF) “The GL Gem Raman – a poweful tool in gem and mineral identification”  and will demonstrate the GL Gem Raman during the conference. Please contact me if you are interested in attending.

New Studies on Tibetian Andesine

In the never ending story of Andesine several articles have been published recently which are of interest:.

• The Geology of Tibet & Empirical Constraints on Andesine’s Authenticity (PDF) by geologist Veronica Poteat (JEA)
• Crucible Relics on Chinese Andesine (PDF) – from the World Gem Society

Joel Arem’s (PhD, F.G.A.) article Observations on the Occurrence of Plagioclase Feldspars (PDF) was also published in the ICA’s (International Colored Gemstones Association) magazine InColor – Winter ’11 (Electronic version)

Wolf Kuehn, B.A., M.A., Dipl.oec, F.G.A., F.G.G. – GLR&T Project Manager

Treated fresh water pearls

The GL Gem Raman can be used to detect colour treatment of freshwater cultured pearls. Based on recent research all natural colour pearls show the two mayor Raman resonance features of polyacetylenic pigments assigned to C=C stretching at about 1530cm-1 and C-C stretching at about 1130 cm-1.

We have tested a number of strands in the C.I.G. study collection and can confirm this observation. However, the Raman features may show up in colour treated pearls if the pigments were present before treatment. Further studies will be necessary to cover those possibilities.

The GL Gem Raman is ideal for testing of pearls, jade, turquoise, lapis lazuli and many other gems and minerals.

Reference: Karampelas S., Fritsch E., Sklavounos S., Soldatos T (2007) Identification of treated-color freshwater cultured pearls, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece vol. XXXX, 2007, pp. 794-804

GL Gem Raman Version 1.1

We have made a slight change to the way the GL Gem Raman program saves a spectrum; version 1.1. saves now the full range from 200 – 2,500 cm-1 as a [nameR].fak file (similar to the GL Gem Spectrometer). As shown in the spectral graph it is very easy to import the raw Raman spectrum into Spekwin32 for further processing and editing.

At the same time GLGemRaman saves the spectrum as a [nameR].rruff file in the range from 200 – 1,500 cm-1 as this is the most common range found in the RRUFF databases. Just clicking on the file will open the CrystalSleuth program and depending on the speed of your computer you will receive a match within less than 10 seconds.

The GL Gem Raman spectra for a diamond and cubic zirconia samples were saved as a .fak file, imported into Spekwin32 and normalized. The Raman peaks are very distinct and allow immediate separation as the GLGemRaman program displays real-time data acquisition. Spekwin32 is a free optical spectroscopy software (Version 1.71.6) which has been modified by its author Dr. F. Menges. for use with our spectrometers.

Introductory price for GL Gem Raman ends

Unfortunately prices for several of the high quality optical parts for the Raman unit have gone up in the last couple of weeks. We strive to purchase the best components at the most economical prices but have no other choice than to increase the price for the GL Gem Raman as of June 1, 2012 (2 units are left for immediate shipment; delivery time if ordered by May 31 is approximately 4 weeks).

The GL Gem Raman could quickly pay by itself in time saved when facing difficult gem and mineral identification and by avoiding mistakes in buying and appraising gems and jewellery; go to the Gemlab on-line store or download the GL Gem Raman info sheet (PDF). For more information go to GL Gem Raman.

Undisclosed synthetic diamonds

In a recent JCK article about “Undisclosed Synthetic Diamonds Appearing on Market” questions about detection methods were asked. CVD diamonds are type IIa and transmit UV light; one has to determine whether the diamond in question is opaque to UV or transparent to UV. Type Ia and Ib diamonds are by far the most common natural diamonds and do not transmit UV.

Though we have not received a CVD diamond in our lab as yet we have used the SSEF Diamond Spotter for detection of HPHT treated diamonds in the past; watch an on-line slide show about its use (it was made available to us by the SSEF in 2003). In addition to the typical columnar strain/growth seen through the microscope (using crossed polarizers) the GL Gem Raman should also be useful.

In a new book “Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science” (Google Books, Feb. 2012) the following observation was made: Brown type IIa diamonds have been found to exhibit a very weak one-phonon infrared absorption that begins near the Raman energy at 1332cm-1, and increases, with decreasing wavenumber, to a maximum at 1016cm-1 with a shoulder on the high-wavenumber side at about 1050cm-1. A colourless type IIa specimen showed an even weaker absorption beginning again near 1332cm-1 and increasing to show two maxima near 1100cm-1 and 1000cm-1. These specimen also showed birefringence patterns between crossed polars that are indicative of plastic deformation. It is suggested that the infrared absorptions are caused by dislocations.

As soon as we can test CVD diamonds with the GL Gem Raman we will report about the results.

In this context read this interesting article “The Mystery of two Gemesis Companies under one hat”.

Andesine Update

In the never ending story of the Andesine scam sometimes the truth prevails ….. read “Art Garabedian/DSN lose Andesine case (Court document, PDF)”.

Pre-announcement for Vancouver, B.C.

The University of British Columbia Continuing Studies at Robson Square is offering as part of their CULTURAL ENRICHMENT program:

Discovering Gems and Jewellery – an Introduction

Gemstones have intrigued us throughout history and are reputed as symbols of wealth, power, healing and love. In this course, students explore the unique properties of gemstones that affect their value and study the locations where they are found. Participants will board a virtual tour of splendid gem collections found in museums around the world and discover the challenges in differentiating between natural and man-made gem materials. In addition, advice will be given for purchasing jewellery at various venues such as at auction.

Instructor: J. Wolf Kuehn, B.A., M.A., Dipl.oec., F.G.A., F.G.G.

WD508F12A Sat, Sep 22-Oct 27, 12:30-2:30pm; UBC Robson Square. $360+tax

WD508F12B Sat, Spe 22-Oct 27, 3-5pm; UBC Robson Square. $380+tax (Interpreted in Mandarin)

To register contact UBC Continuing Studies.

_________________________

© 2012 Gemlab Research & Technology, Vancouver, Canada

On a negative note – on several occasions I have been contacted by a group “of respected gemologists and dealers ….. ” with malicious and damaging allegations. In general I do not react to this type of  “anonymous crap” supposedly representing this industry.

I wish everyone a pleasant summer (or winter if you live in the wrong place!).

Brief Report from the Geo-Raman Xth Meeting

The Geo-Raman Xth Meeting was held in Nancy from June 11-13; over 50 presentations and close to 100 poster sessions were attended by more than 130 participants from around the world. The conference covered Raman spectroscopy applied to Earth Sciences and demonstrated the rapid developement of this technology in numerous applications; see program (PDF).

From 3D Raman units with imaging systems costing $100k+ to proposals of UV gated Raman spectrometers  reducing luminescense by a factor of 100 (which caught many participants by surprise). The instrument shows the typical Raman diamond feature only for type IIa; it would be a valuable instrument for CVD detection. However, the parts needed to be UV capable and a 244nm pulsed laser still costs $ 20,000.

Another interesting study about mesocrystal poymorphism in nacre demonstrated the potential of Raman spectroscopy; see preparatory studies “Nano-Composite Structure of Nacre Biocrystal” (PDF) and “Voronoi Growth Model of Sheet Nacre ” (PDF). The authors believe that AFM and Raman spectroscopy is ideally suited for studying mesocrystals and their polymorphic growth.

Raman spectroscopy can be used for provenance studies of heavy-minerals. The study has been extended to Feldspars and may expand Joel Arem´s observations on plagioclase feldspars (PDF). We will make the poster containing numerous Raman graphs of Labradorite found in the Himalaya–Tibet orogenic belt available in the next GL Newsletter.

Very interesting research is being conducted by the German Research Centre using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell resulting in growth of jadeite, albite, paragonite in an assemblage silicate glass and aqueous fluid heated to 600 degree Celsius.

Gemlab Research & Technology submitted an abstract and a poster “The GL Gem Raman- a powerful tool in gem and mineral identification” (950KB,PDF). The unit was demonstrated to interested parties and well received.

A selection of papers presented at the GeoRamanX Conference will be published as a thematic issue of the European Journal of Mineralogy (EJM). In the meantime several gemmology related studies were presented during the 6th International Congress on the Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Art and Archaeology (RAA 2011) in Parma, Italy; download the Abstracts (PDF) here.

Raman spectroscopy is an ideal technology for gems and mineral identification. The GL Gem Raman quickly can tell the difference between diamond, cubic zirconia, glass and zircon, distinguish jadeite from nephrite, separate real from faux pearls, tell whether it is ivory or plastic; it works great on beads, carvings and gem materials set in jewellery. For more info go to the product page.

Update for GL Gem Raman Software

Version 1.3 of the GLGemRaman software has now a base-line correction feature. Based on a similar algorithm as used in the CrystalSleuth software the raw GLGemRaman spectrum can be “forced down” making it easier to compare with reference spectra in the data-base; the corrected Raman spectrum will be saved both as a complete .fak file and can be directly imported into Spekwin32 for further editing and as a .rruff file for quick search in the RRUFF database.

GL Professional Refractometer available again soon

Our new professional refractometer sold out quickly. We will have new supply by mid-July. From GL Newsletter April 2012: Very impressive is the performance of the new and redesigned GL Professional Refractometer (on-line price $ 369.95); it comes in a white plastic casing and was actually properly calibrated. The refractometer has a high hardness CZ (cubic zirconia) hemicylinder and a built in LED-based yellow light source that is powered by either two AA batteries or a small 110-240V power supply with 3VDC output.

Anonymous “Andesine Perpetrators” resort to cyber-bullying

Since the conclusion of the “Art Garabedian/DSN vc Robert James Andesine case ” (Court document, PDF) I have been approached several times by an anonymous group “of respected gemologists and dealers on three continents dedicated to gemological integrity and full disclosure of all treatments” with malicious allegations about our school, our products and questioning my personal integrity. I believe I know who these people are and I think it is time to distance one-self from these unprofessional members of the gemmological community. I also reserve the right to take legal steps to stop this personal bullying and libel.

As a member of the World Gem Society I agree fully with the response of Robert James (can be read here); also his article on Wikipedia & Internet Cyber Bullies (PDF).

_______________________________________________

© 2012 Gemlab Research & Technology, Vancouver, Canada

ISSN 0846-3611 GEMMOLOGY CANADA – Wolf Kuehn, F.G.G., F.G.A., Editor

Follow @CIGemNews

From the Editor

After a quiet summer season we are getting ready for a busy fall semester. If you live in the Vancouver area please drop by at our Info Session on August 31. I am also teaching a new course “Discovering Gems and Jewellery” as part of UBC’s (University of British Columbia) Cultural Enrichment program at Robson Square in Vancouver, B.C.; there is a section in English and in Mandarin interpreted (study materials in Chinese).

Mark your calendar for the GIT 2012 conference in Bangkok, Thailand (December 12 – 13); I will be attending and have submitted an abstract about “Raman Spectroscopy – a powerful tool in gemstone identification”. More info to follow in the next GL Newsletter September 2012.

Vancouver Info Session August 31, 2012

We have scheduled the annual info meeting for Friday, August 31 from 1:00 – 5:00 p.m in Room C-010 at UBC Robson Square, 800 Robson Street, Vancouver. The Translink web site allows you to plan your trip via transit to UBC from any Lower Mainland location.To access the Robson Square’s underground parking travel to the corner of Howe Street and Nelson Street (Howe Street is a one-way street). Once you have entered the parking lot follow the directional signs to UBC Robson Square parking area.

Prospective C.I.G. students can pre-register in person for local C.I.G. courses and pick-up study materials and text books if already registered. Please consult the 2012 schedule for Vancouver classes.

During the info session we will demonstrate the GL Gem Raman and the GL Gem Spectrometer; visitors are welcome to bring interesting samples – in particular jadeite pieces as we are conducting a study for proper identifcation and treatment detection. Please contact us at (604) 530-8569 for further information.

Discovering Gems and Jewellery – an Introduction

UBC Continuing Studies at Robson Square in Vancouver, B.C. is offering as part of their CULTURAL ENRICHMENT program: WD508F12A Sat, Sep 22-Oct 27, 12:30-2:30pm; UBC Robson Square. $360+tax WD508F12B Sat, Sep 22-Oct 27, 3-5pm; UBC Robson Square. $380+tax (Interpreted in Mandarin)

Gemstones have intrigued us throughout history and are reputed as symbols of wealth, power, healing and love. In this course, students explore the unique properties of gemstones that affect their value and study the locations where they are found.

Participants will board a virtual tour of splendid gem collections found in museums around the world and discover the challenges in differentiating between natural and man-made gem materials. In addition, advice will be given for purchasing jewellery at various venues such as at auction.

Instructor: J. Wolf Kuehn, B.A., M.A., Dipl.oec., F.G.A., F.G.G.

GL Gem Spectrometer Anniversary Sale

Join the growing number of GL Gem Spectrometer users around the world. For a limited time save $ 100 during our Second Anniversary Sale (until August 31, 2012). Click here for more information. Click here to order the GL Gem Spectrometer Click here to register in the next GL Gem Spec Workshop The GL Professional Refractometer (on-line price $ 369.95) is in stock again.

Omphacite and Jadeite

In the GIA Lab Updates of the G&G eBrief (April 10,2012) “a green cabochon in a piece of jewelry was submitted to the Carlsbad laboratory in early 2012. Although standard gemological properties indicated jadeite (1.66 RI, chrome lines, and a 437 nm line in the desk-model spectroscope), its identity was questioned by a staff gemologist because the texture was slightly more granular than normal. Surprisingly, its Raman spectrum provided a very good match for omphacite, using reference spectra from the RRUFF database. The identity of each RRUFF specimen has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.”

We have tested all the “jadeite” specimen in the C.I.G. gem study collection but so far not encountered omphacite. There are 2 Raman spectra for omphacite provided in the GLGemRaman database; users should not have any difficulty in separating jadeite from omphacite. An update is available in the GLGemRaman Support section.

“GIA’s laboratory reports will now call such stones omphacite jade. In doing so, we are expanding the term jade to encompass more minerals than just jadeite and nephrite, including those stones that test gemologically as jadeite but are actually omphacite”.

GLGemRaman Software Update 1.4

All GL Gem Raman users should have received version 1.4 of the GLGemRaman software; it has an automatic calibration feature built into the software using a calibration sample. This should be done from time to time to get best matches with the RRUFF databse. In case the unit has been exposed to severe physical/thermal shock a more comprehensive optimization procedure should be conducted by an experienced technician. We have presently support personnel in Canada, USA and Germany (for European clients). Please contact us for more information at (604) 530-8569. The GL Gem Raman is available now

I have been using the GL Gem Raman for the last 6 months checking stones in the C.I.G. gem study collection; the instrument is an enormous time saving device as it eliminates the use of all other gem testing instruments in many cases. It takes me less than one minute to identify a gemstone (even if set in a piece of jewellery) as to what it is. Of course the microscope is still absolutely necessary for final identification if the stone could be man-made. For highly fluorescent materials (Raman signals are weak and can be “overwhelmed” by fluorescence) the intensity of the laser has to manipulated to get acceptable results; or as an alternative the GL Gem Spectrometer can help.

In general all advanced gem testing instruments have advantages and disadavantages but in a busy lab situation a Raman is an extremely valuable tool and can pay for itself quickly.

GIT Conference in Bangkok

The Gem and Jewelry Institute of Thailand proudly announces the 3rd International Gem and Jewelry Conference or GIT 2012, the third of its kind after the successful predecessors’ GIT 2006 and GIT 2008. It is another GIT’s landmark technical event to be held from December 12-13, 2012 in Bangkok, and followed by a post-conference excursion option to visit Chanthaburi, and Pailin of Cambodia during December 14-16, 2012.

GEM 250 GEM IDENTIFICATION II (Advanced)

In this course students will learn state-of-the-art techniques including immersionscope, konoscope, advanced spectroscopy, etc. designed to identify confidently any gemstone encountered in the industry. Between 100 and 120 challenging gems including the most recent synthetic and imitation gem materials are available for testing.

Here a brief list of man-made gems in our study collection: Chatham, Kashan, Ramaura, Knischka, Lechleitner, Regency, Biron, Lenix, Gilson, Tairus rubies, sapphires, emeralds, alexandrite, opal and many others. Gem enhancement techniques such as heat-alteration, surface colour diffusion, irradiation and glass filling are studied.

Hands-on exercises with our portable  GL Gem Spectrometer and GL Gem Raman system. Practicing gemmologists may use this lab class to up-grade their skills.

To Register, please call: 604-530-8569

GEM 370 GL Gem Raman Workshop

This course is for current or future users of the GL Gem Raman system.

• Using PowerPoint presentations the development and use of Raman spectrometers is introduced.
• Learning step-by-step testing method with GLGemRaman software and searchable database; procedure of proper calibration with Laser Glasses (190-548nm);
• Practical testing of a number of interesting gem materials by the participants under supervision of the workshop facilitator.

GEM 370-3 Thu, Nov 15 from 6:30 – 9 p.m. (2 1/2 hours)

Location: Vancouver Airport Hotel TBA, Richmond B.C., Canada

Fee: $ 295 (limited to 5 participants). To register on-line go here.

We reserve the right to cancel courses if there is insufficient enrolment; upon return of all course materials students will receive a full refund for the tuition paid but no other compensation can be offered.

Please wait with travel arrangements until final confirmation.

For more info about the C.I.G. Professional Development Program (AG-PDP) go to Advanced (GEM 200-level) Courses or download brochure (PDF).

If you have a cellphone scan the QR code and you will be taken directly to the website of the Canadian Institute of Gemmolgy. Save the bookmark!

Follow @gemlabNEWS

Wolf Kuehn, F.G.G., F.G.A., Editor

GIT 2012 The 3nd International Gem & Jewelry Conference

Poster Session during GIT 2012

Held for the third time in Bangkok, Thailand and organized by the The Gem and Jewelry Institute of Thailand GIT 2012 attracted over 500 participants from around the world. It was encouraging to see many young contributors sharing their research and work projects in oral presentations and poster sessions covering a wide scope of topics from gemmology to jewellery design. Many thanks to Ms. Wilawan Atichat, Director of GIT and her team for a superb job in organizing this event. Over half of the contributions were dedicated to the section “Gem Identification and Treatments”. You can download the close to 500 pages of the E-Proceedings PDF document from here (zip file, 90 MB). I will refer to them in my comments and observations below; also download our poster “Raman Spectroscopy – A Powerful Tool in Gem Identification” (PDF, 948 KB).

Diffusion of Transition Metals in Gemstones

Three years ago Yong-Kil Ahn and Jong-Wan Park, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea submitted a research poster to GIT 2008 “Comparative study of Cr3+ diffusion in proton and electron irradiated chrysoberyl” (PDF, 325 KB). It was work in progress and I maintained contact with the authors to stay up-to-date.

In the meantime they published two other articles to be shared: “Diffusion of chromium in sapphire: The effects of electron beam irradiation” (PDF, 960 KB) and “Effects of electron-beam irradiation, a thin-Ti layer, and a BeO additive on the diffusion of titanium in synthetic sapphire” (PDF, 972 KB).

As part of their research several diffusion experiments were performed and various methods for enhancing the diffusity were attempted as demonstrated in their poster “Diffusion of Transition Metals in Gemstones using various Specimen Preparation Methods” (E-Proceedings, page 164ff). Photoluminescence results for the specimens using a 325 nm He-Cd excitation source show a clear difference between the fluorescence of sapphire before and after irradiation.

Ion Beam Treatment and Analysis

Ion beam treatment – a rather expensive method at the present time due to the high cost of the equipment – can be used to not only improve the colour but also the clarity and luster of gemstones. In their “Overview of Ion Beam Treatment of Gemstones in Thailand” (E-Proceedings, page 252ff) the Thai researchers tested and treated a variety of gemstones such as rubies, sapphires, topazes, spinels and garnets from Thailand, Myanmar (Burma), and Africa.

Korean researchers conducted further studies and showed their work in two posters: “Spectroscopic Characteristics of Electron-beam Irradiated Apatite” (E-Proceedings, page 272ff) and “The Color Change of Hackmanite from Myanmar by Exposure to UV Rays and Irradiation by Electron Beam” (E-Proceedings, page 276ff).

The ion beam technology has been recently applied for the first time in Thailand for gemstone analysis, particularly, the Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) which is an effective and nondestructive way to quantify trace elements analysis at ppm level.

The Thai researchers conducted an “Ion Beam Analysis of Spinel” (E-Proceedings, page 220ff) and introduced a “Novel Ion Beam Technique for Lead Detection in Rubies” (E-Proceedings, page 244ff).

The ion beam techniques give an advantage over conventional techniques in term of lead content detection. In summary they warned that “Rubies treated by paw-mai method contained remarkable high concentration of lead and they may be harmful to gem consumers” and unsafe for the treaters of these gem materials as well.

New Treated Sapphire

Since early 2012, a new type of treated blue sapphire has been encountered in the trade. During the post conference tour in Chanthaburi Dr. Pornsawat Wathanakul made samples available to the participants and a brochure was distributed as well.

I tested my sample under immersion in methylene iodide and found that it showed colour concentrations along the facet junctions reminding of the old “surface-diffused” sapphires. In addition, in their presentation “Newly Treated Blue Sapphire: a Preliminary Investigation” (E-Proceedings, page 264ff) they detected the presence of beryllium which may play a role in the colouration of this blue sapphire. A “Round up on Gemstone Hot Issues in 2012″ (E-Proceedings, page 264ff) was given by the same group of Thai researchers.

Lithium Treatments

Ted Themelis gave an oral presentation of “Lithium-Treated Gemstones” (E-Proceedings, page 228ff) with first hand knowledge of this type of treatment; it has been applied to blue sapphires, grossularites, tourmalines and other gems to improve their colour, diaphaneity and lustre since 2011.

As the outcome of the treatment in many cases is unpredictable it is difficult to know the exact mechanism involved in this treatment. It would require a complete analysis of the samples before and after treatment.

A typical rough, untreated African grossularite used in the lithium process (left); after heating with lithium-based additives, most stones turned reddish-orange (middle, 3.59 carats), rarely intense red (right, 22.71 carats).

Diamonds and Organic Gems

In this section several contributions were made about “CVD Synthetic Diamonds and their Proper Identification” (E-Proceedings, page 301ff) and “Research on CVD Gem Diamonds” (E-Proceedings, page 303ff).

My Canadian colleague Branko Deljanin spoke about “Screening and Identification of Coloured and Colourless Diamonds for the Synthetic Origin using the UV Lamp and the Polariscope mounted on a Microscope” (E-Proceedings, page 308ff).

In summary further research is necessary to properly identify all the treatment combinations applied to both natural and synthetic diamonds. Our own recently developed GL Gem Raman PL532 will become an important tool not only for the identification of coloured stones, but also to check for type IIa HPHT treated stones (IIa with HPHT annealing or without).

There were many more contributions such as from my Russian colleagues on “Identification of the Garnet Chemical Composition and Color Causes by Express Raman and Visible Spectroscopy” (E-Proceedings, page 214ff).

I selected the above contributions as they covered the most interesting subjects and issues for someone working in a gemmological laboratory like myself. Download and read the GIT 2012 E-Proceedings (PDF, 100 MB – large file).

Tucson Specials from the Gemlab Online Store

During January 2013 we will offer the GL Gem Spectrometer to attendants at the Tucson Gem Shows at a reduced price of $ 1,295.00 with free delivery if picked up at our booth # 31 in the Tucson Convention Centre (during the AGTA GemFair from February 5 – 10). More details here.

We also will introduce and demonstrate the new GL Gem Raman PL532.

CIGem News Winter 2013 – ISSN 0846-3611 GEMMOLOGY CANADA

From the Editor:

From Bagan, Myanmar

I wish everyone a Happy and Rewarding New Year 2013. Myanmar was on my travel list for many years. I finally managed to organize a trip to this fascinating country on my own. During GIT 2012 I was able to meet many old and new friends; see GL Newsletter Special GIT 2012 edition. Afterwards we went on a fabulous Post Conference Excursion to Chanthaburi and Pailin, Cambodia. An on-line slide show about my travels will be available soon. And last but not least the annual Tucson 2013 shows are approaching. I am looking forward to meeting you personally very soon. Wolf Kuehn, F.G.A., F.G.G.

Tucson February 2013

As part of the World Gem Society (WGS) Tour of Tucson 2013 activities I will be giving a slide presentation “Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia Gem Travel 2012 – with visit to the jade market in Mandalay, news from GIT 2012 Bangkok and Chanthaburi, sapphire mining in Pailin” on Friday, February 8, 2013 (time and location TBA). Please join us for an evening of fun.

A Fascinating trip to Myanmar

Travelling to Myanmar has not been easy. There are no ATMs, no credit cards or reservations for flights to be made from outside the country. All has to be done upon arrival unless you take a package tour which can be quite expensive. I was able to do my travel preparations on my own after checking with the Lonely Planet Thorn Tree forum for Myanmar for several months.

Most tourists need a visum which may take one month to process as there is a dramatic increase in the number of tourists. For the coming months many hotels are full and flights sometimes overbooked, changed and/or cancelled. Roads are quickly being upgraded but train and bus travel is still very slow. I saw areas without electricity and in great need of better infrastructure. But it is changing quickly.

You have to bring cash to pay for goods and services. Don’t expect to change any rumpled, torn US dollar bills. Moneychangers accept only crisp, clean (and mostly uncreased) bills, and tend to only take the ‘new’ US dollar bills (with the larger full-frame heads). I have heard that $100 bills starting with the serial number ‘CB’ have been turned down. Read Monetary Mayhem From Myanmar.

But all went smoothly and for me it was one of my most exciting trips to Asia. Below some images which will provide a first impression.

Yangon is a former capital of Burma and the capital of Yangon Region. Although the military government has officially relocated the capital to Naypyidaw since March 2006, Yangon, with a population of over four million, continues to be the country’s largest city and the most important commercial centre.

Although Yangon’s infrastructure is undeveloped compared to those of other major cities in Southeast Asia, it has the largest number of colonial buildings in the region today. While many high-rise residential and commercial buildings have been constructed or renovated throughout downtown and Greater Yangon in the past two decades, most satellite towns that ring the city continue to be deeply impoverished (source Wikipedia).

Shwedagon Pagoda, Yangon	Bogyoke (Scott) Market, Yangon	“Mogok” ruby filled Glas
Kuthodaw Pagoda, Mandalay	Mandalay Hill	From Mandalay Hill at sunset

Mandalay, the capital of Upper Burma, is located 600 km north of Yangon, on the banks of the Ayeyarwady River. As the second largest city in Myanmar, Mandalay has slightly over 800,000 inhabitants.

It is the capital of Upper Burma that was immortalized in Rudyard Kipling’s The Road to Mandalay, the 1887 poem that refers to the Ayeyarwady. In a country where the cities are a thousand years old or more, Mandalay is surprisingly young in comparison – “just” over 150 years old (source Wikipedia).

Jade Markets in Mandalay, Myanmar

Mandalay Jade Market

Polishing jadeite

Selection of jadeite

A visit to the jade market in Mandalay is a must for anyone interested in gemstones. Covering several acres on a site between 38th and 39th streets west of the city centre the bustling market features countless rows of small stores, each about two metres wide, laid out in a grid. Managed by the Mandalay City Devlopment Committee, it provides an insight into the working of the larger jade industry, which is developing into an increasingly lucrative foreign income earner.

Nobody was there to collect the $ 1 entrance fee for foreigners as I was perhaps the only Western tourist surrounded by hundreds (if not thousands) of local traders in the incredible heat and noise that is hard to capture by camera.

Exploring Bagan Temples

Bagan (formerly Pagan), is one of the most famous ancient city in Myanmar. It is the place in Myanmar to admire ancient ruins. Bagan ranks alongside Angkor and Luang Prabang as one of the most amazing sights in Southeast Asia.

If you’re into ancient ruins, there’s more in Bagan than you could ever bargain for. Bagan is located on a dusty plain 300 km from Yangon.

Bagan temples

Ananda Temple

View from Shwesandaw Pagoda

GIT 2012 Post Conference Tour to Chanthaburi and Pailin

Chanthaburi is a province of Thailand. It is located in the east of Thailand, at the border to Battambang and Pailin of Cambodia and the shore to the Gulf of Thailand. Together with the neighboring province Trat, Chanthaburi is the center of gemstone mining, especially rubies and sapphires.

Tropical fruits are also among the main products of the province. In 2000, it produced nearly 380,000 tonnes of durian, which was 45.57% of Thailand’s durian production and approximately 27% of the world production of this fruit (source Wikipedia).

Operating sapphire mine near Chanthaburi	Bangkaja Sapphire Rough	Sapphire Jewellery
Wat Phnom Yat, Pailin	Sapphire mine in Pailin, Cambodia	Pailin sapphires

Pailin is a small municipality in the West of Cambodia very close to the border of Thailand. The provincial capital is called Pailin City and is known to much of the world as being the area where many of the Khmer Rouge leaders came from and retreated after their fall.

In the late 1970s, Pailin was a prosperous town stemming from the extensive gem deposits in the surrounding countryside. Because of its resources, it was one of the first cities invaded by the Khmer Rouge when they began their major offensive against the national government. The city offered no resistance and the Khmer Rouge soldiers were greeted as liberators as they marched into town. In recent years a new wave of tourism began depending on its ancient temples, natural forests, animals and especially the precious stones (source Wikipedia).

GL Gem Raman TEC PL532 Spectrometer

We have finalized the GL Gem Raman TEC PL532 with a range from approx. 75 – 5,400 cm-1 at better than 10 cm-1 FWHM. Raman range (RRUFF) is from 145 – 1,500 cm-1 and broad scan range for PL studies up to 5,430 cm-1 (530 – 750 nm). TE cooled 3648 pixel Toshiba TCD1304AP linear array. All new units have the PL option installed; other configurations available upon request. Please contact us for more information. The Raman spectrum for nephrite on the left (click on image to enlarge) shows interesting Raman features in the region of 200 cm-1 and below and in the PL region 3,000 cm-1 and above.

Tucson Specials from the Gemlab Online Store

During January 2013 we will offer the GL Gem Spectrometer to attendants at the Tucson Gem Shows at a reduced price of $ 1,295.00 with free delivery if picked up at our booth # 31 in the Tucson Convention Centre (during the AGTA GemFair from February 5 – 10). More details here.

We also will introduce and demonstrate the new GL Gem Raman TEC PL532.

Discovering Gems and Jewellery

UBC Continuing Studies at Robson Square is offering as part of their CULTURAL ENRICHMENT program:

– An Introduction (offered in the fall 2013)

- For Connoisseurs (offered in the spring 2013)

WD511W13A Sat, March 2 – April 13, 2013, 12:30-2:30pm; UBC Robson Square. $360+tax

 WD510 W13 A Sat, March 2 – April 13, 2013, 3:00 – 5:00pm; UBC Robson Square. $380+tax (Interpreted in Mandarin)

To register contact UBC Continuing Studies.

C.I.G. Professional Development Program (AG-PDP)

Entrance Requirements

“Fine Jewellery Expert (C.I.G.)”, F.G.A. or equivalent from other institutions; foreign candidates may apply but must enter Canada under a visitor’s visa (no student visas available). If credentials were obtained before 2002 a practical entrance test must be passed.

Course Credits Required

• All C.I.G. GEM 200-level courses
  • GEM 210 Diamond Grading
  • GEM 220 Advanced Gemmology
  • GEM 230 Gem Colour Grading
  • GEM 250 Gem Identification II
• For this course it is recommended that students have basic gem testing equipment at their disposal to complete individual projects at home or at their work place; students will also learn the use of UV- VIS – NIR spectrometers. There will be a five-day practical workshop to complete the AG-PDP program.

To obtain certification as an Accredited Gemmologist (C.I.G.)^® a scientific paper has to be submitted within 6 months of completion of the A.G. (C.I.G.) diploma exam. See course outline or View/Download brochure (PDF) and View/Download Application Form (PDF). If you have any further questions about the AG-PDP program please call (604) 530-8569.

Individual courses must be completed within 12 months; courses leading to a certificate or diploma must all be completed within 24 months.

For more info about the C.I.G. Professional Development Program (AG-PDP) go to Advanced (GEM 200-level) Courses or download brochure (PDF).

World Gem Society

The Canadian Institute of Gemmology is a member of the World Gem Society. For a nominal fee you can access a variety of resources available.

Wolf Kuehn, F.G.G., F.G.A., Editor

There will be a special Tucson price for the GL Gem Spectrometer; please go to the on-line store to see more details.

GL Gem Raman Developments

After intensive testing we have finalized the GL Gem Raman TEC PL532 and will introduce this new unit during the Tucson AGTA GemFair.

We modified the Raman spectrometer to increase the range from approx. 75 to 5,400 cm-1 at better than 10 cm-1 FWHM. There is always a trade-off affecting resolution but we were able to stay within the margins required for matching the Raman references in the RRUFF database.

We also expanded the software to allow for photoluminescence studies which may play an important role in identifying possible treatments of diamonds and gems in the future.

Another improvement for the GL Gem Raman was the addition of a thermoelectric cooling (TEC) element. The CCD (3648 pixel CCD Toshiba TCD1304AP linear array) can now be cooled down by – 35 degrees Celsius resulting in up to 150 times lower dark current.

For a gemmological lab doing appraisal work this option is not absolutely necessary as most cut and polished gemstones are fairly good Raman scatterers. However, I encountered several mineral samples which had extremely weak Raman signals and after switching on the TEC (it takes 2 minutes to reduce temperature by -30 C and another 8 minutes to stabilize at – 35 C) I was able to identify the sample. The spectral graphs look much “cleaner” and professional which is important for publication.

The TEC option is now included in all new units and can be turned on when required. For up-to-date information go to our special page for the GL Gem Raman.

Extended range of the GL Gem Raman For gems and minerals the typical Raman fingerprint range is from 145 – 1,500 cm-1 (as in the RRUFF database). The GL Gem Raman PL532 has now an extended range to detect Raman signals up to the 5,400 cm-1 limit (click on image to see more details). The GLGemRaman program has the option to save both ranges as a [name].rruff file which can be directly loaded into the provided search program.

The Raman spectrum for nephrite above shows features in the above 1,500 cm-1 range which could not be seen in the previous version of the GL Gem Raman.

The RRUFF project provides for a “broad scan” database with over 1,100 references. However, due to significant increase in search time we recommend to use this database separately from the regular one.

The newest edition of Spekwin32 (revised version 1.71.6.1 from Nov 05 2012, file size: 1.3 MB by F. Menges) will import .rruff files and .fak files from the GL Gem Spectrometer.

PL option for the GL Gem Raman The GL Gem Raman has a high quality regulated 532nm laser as an excitation source and a proper calibration system to allow scientific research. For PL studies the output of the laser has to be reduced to 50 – 100 mW. Synthetic and natural alexandrite show the same PL peaks (click on image to see more details).

With the extended range of the GL Gem Raman the PL option is already included. Users can switch the software from a [cm-1] to a [nm] scale which is commonly used for photoluminescence studies. A simple calibration procedure allows for consistent measurements.

Very limited scientific research has been done in this area. This will change in the future as we and others have started conducting studies on diamonds and selected gem materials. We are also working on a laser PL attachment for the GL Gem Spectrometer.

An excellent overview in the interpretation of Raman and PL spectra is given in Jasinevicius, R. (2009) Characterization of vibrational and electronic features in the Raman spectra of gemstones (PDF) (MS thesis, unpublished).

Initial Photoluminescence Studies with the GL Gem Raman

The claim that photoluminescence can be diagnostic for the identification of a gemstone has to be taken with caution – in particular for the detection of HPHT treated diamonds and gemstones. With the PL option now available for the GL Gem Raman I looked at several studies to repeat and verify their testing and results. I have also tested synthetic diamonds of early Russian production in the C.I.G. gem collection.

Some of the results have already been documented in our poster “Raman Spectroscopy – A Powerful Tool in Gem Identification” (PDF, 948 KB). For further information download the GIT 2012 E-Proceedings PDF document from here (over 500 pages, .zip file, 90 MB).

PL studies to separate synthetic flux grown spinel from natural red spinel The graph shows (click on image to see more details) the PL main peak for natural red spinel slightly shifted to the left.

The SSEF (Swiss Gemmological Institute) obtained a similar PL reaction using their UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer and a 312 nm LED excitation source as shown in their “Spinel: A Gemstone on the Rise” presentation (PDF)”.

Also read  “Element Analytical and UV-Vis-NIR Study of Natural Untreated Vietnamese and Synthetic Spinels” presented by Tobias Haeger during GIT 2012 (see E-Proceedings, pages 179ff).

PL studies for emerald characterization Comparing a synthetic flux grown emerald with a natural Colombian emerald one can see a definite shift in the luminescence peaks for chromium (click on image to see more details). For further information read Le Thi Thu Huong’s thesis “Microscopic, chemical and spectroscopic investigations on emeralds of various origins” (pages 68ff, PDF, 2.2MB).

Origin studies for emeralds have been done based on inclusion characteristics; as a matter of fact the gemmological microscope is still the most important tool to separate natural from man made gemstones. However, with access to advanced instrumentation other approaches will become a possible.

First PL studies on synthetic diamonds The unusual PL centre (click on image to see more details) most probably originates not from a point defect in diamond, but from crystalline Al2O3:Cr3+ (ruby) inclusions or impurities in the diamond. See “Luminescence study of defects in synthetic as-grown and HPHT diamonds compared to natural diamonds” (abstract, last sentence).

GL Gem Spectrometer Developments

The Gl Gem Spectrometer has a user base of over 100 people around the world. Already during the last Tucson gem show several visitors at our booth came up with some new ideas.

GL Gem Spectrometer for chromaticity studies With a firmware modification and extra software module the GL Gem Spectrometer can be used as a colourimeter displaying XYZ colour space coordinates. For exact measurements an integrating sphere is recommended which mounts right on top of the spectrometer unit.

We are also working on a GLGemSpec laser attachment which would allow PL studies with the GL Gem Spectrometer as a low cost alternative to the GL Gem Raman PL532 unit.

Tucson Specials from the Gemlab Online Store

During January 2013 we will offer the GL Gem Spectrometer to attendants at the Tucson Gem Shows at a reduced price of $ 1,295.00 with free delivery if picked up at our booth # 31 in the Tucson Convention Centre (during the AGTA GemFair from February 5 – 10). More details here.

The GL Xenon Flashlight

This portable Xenon flash-light is ideal for use with the GL Gem Spectrometer as an external light source. Users have experimented with various setups to illuminate samples bigger than can be accomodated in the GL Gem Halogen Holder ; using a fiber probe with the GL Gem Spectrometer requires a customized setup with external lighting and will change several parameters for obtaining a spectrum.

With the Xenon flashlight I was able to clearly resolve the 415 nm line of a Cape series type Ia diamond and produce the typical 437 nm line in green jadeite.

Comparison of emission curves for halogen and xenon light source

GL Gem Spectrometer with the halogen light holder removed

Jadeite, Burma – naturally coloured with typical absorption (edited in Spekwin32)

Read Identification of dyed jadeite (PDF) from The Journal of Gemmology, 2009, 31(5-8). You can buy the GL Xenon Flashlight in our on-line store.

A Mini Microscope for Inclusion Studies

I am a collector of all kinds of gyzmos – amongst them loupes, magnifiers, USB microscopes and lately these small mini-microscopes. I tried quite a few of them and they are becoming better and better.

The best one so far costs less than US$ 5 (please e-mail me for store weblink) and has switchable LED/UV illumination.

Which one is the best?

There is a LED/UV switch

Inclusions in garnet

Handbook of Gemmology

The Canadian Institute of Gemmology and Gemlab Research & Technology is a sapphire sponsor of the soon to be published Handbook of Gemmology. Containing over 675 colour photographs, illustrations and diagrams from 130 different contributors in thirty-six countries, ‘The Handbook of Gemmology’ is truly a global project and will be available as an eBook publication through the Gemlab Books & Instruments on-line store  in late February 2013.

GEM 250 GEM IDENTIFICATION II (Advanced Upgrade Course)

- Course GEM 250-1: Sat – Wed, May 18 – 22, 10 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. (5 days, Richmond, B.C.) - Fee: $ 995 ($ 200 exam fee for A.G. diploma not included); comprehensive study guide, Gemstone Inclusion Library, use of lab equipment and study stones.

In this course students will learn state-of-the-art techniques including immersionscope, konoscope, gemstone magnetism, IR-VIS-NIR and Raman spectroscopy, etc. designed to identify confidently any gemstone encountered in the industry. Between 100 and 120 challenging gems including the most recent synthetics are available for testing.

Here a brief list of man-made gems in our study collection: Chatham, Kashan, Ramaura, Knischka, Lechleitner, Regency, Biron, Lenix, Gilson, Tairus rubies, sapphires, emeralds, alexandrite, opal, moissanite, CVD and synthetic diamonds and many others. Gem enhancement techniques such as heat-alteration, surface colour diffusion, irradiation, HPHT and glass filling are studied.

Hands-on exercises with our in-house developed GL Gem Spectrometer and GL Gem Raman TEC PL532 system.

Prerequisite: “Gemmologist (C.I.G.)” certificate or similar gemmological qualification. Practicing gemmologists may use this lab class to up-grade their skills. It is also part of the C.I.G. Professional Development Program (AG-PDP).

To Register, please call: 604-530-8569

GEM 370 GL Gem Raman Workshop

This course is for current or future users of the GL Gem Raman system.

- Using PowerPoint presentations the development and use of Raman spectrometers is introduced.- Learning step-by-step testing method with GLGemRaman software and searchable database - Practical testing of a number of interesting gem materials by the participants under supervision of the workshop facilitator.

Presenter: Wolf Kuehn, B.A., M.A., Dipl.oec, FGA, FGG

• GEM 370-1 Tue, May 21 from 6:30 – 9 p.m. (2 1/2 hours)

Location: Vancouver Airport Hotel TBA, Richmond B.C., Canada

Fee: $ 295 (limited to 5 participants). To register on-line go here.

We reserve the right to cancel courses if there is insufficient enrolment; upon return of all course materials students will receive a full refund for the tuition paid but no other compensation can be offered.

Please wait with travel arrangements until final confirmation.

View/Download and read carefully our refund policy (PDF). View/Download Application Form (PDF) or call: 604-530-8569

Discovering Gems and Jewellery

UBC Continuing Studies at Robson Square is offering as part of their CULTURAL ENRICHMENT program:

– An Introduction (offered in the fall 2013)- For Connoisseurs (offered in the spring 2013) To register contact UBC Continuing Studies.

WD511W13A Sat, March 2 – April 13, 2013, 12:30-2:30pm; UBC Robson Square. $360+tax

WD510 W13 A Sat, March 2 – April 13, 2013, 3:00 – 5:00pm; UBC Robson Square. $380+tax (Interpreted in Mandarin)